How to use a Ramdisk for Linux

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The author (home page) works at The Computer Underground, Inc. as a file clerk and as a professional consultant at 800linux.com. In his spare time, he does volunteer stuff, like writing these documents. This document was edited using Nedit and ispell.

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This article shows how to use RAM as a virtual harddisk.

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Introduction to RamDisk

This is a brief article about how to setup a RamDisk on a RedHat 6.0 system. It should be very similar for other Linux distributions.

What is a RamDisk? A RamDisk is a portion of memory that you allocate to use as a partition. Or, in other words, you are taking memory, pretending to treat it as a hard drive, and you are saving your files to it. Why would you want to use a RamDisk? Well, if you know that certain files you have are constantly going to be used, putting the files into memory will increase the performance of your computer since your memory is faster than your hard drive. Things like web servers with lots of data can be sped up this way. Or, if you are insane, and you have a PII 550 Mhz computer with 1 gig of memory and an old 500 meg hard drive, you can use it just to increase your hard drive space. Then again, if you want an almost diskless machine, it might not be that crazy afterall.

Here are some more resources to help you.

http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html
http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/LILO.html
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt

How to use RamDisk

Well, it is very easy to use a ramdisk. First of all, the default installation of RedHat 6.0 comes with ramdisk support. All you have to do is format a ramdisk and then mount it to a directory. To find out all the ramdisks you have available, do a "ls -al /dev/ram*". This gives you the preset ramdisks available to your liking. These ramdisks don't actually grab memory until you use them somehow (like formatting them). Here is a very simple example of how to use a ramdisk.

# create a mount point:
mkdir /tmp/ramdisk0
# create a filesystem:
mke2fs /dev/ram0
# mount the ramdisk:
mount /dev/ram0 /tmp/ramdisk0

Those three commands will make a directory for the ramdisk , format the ramdisk (create a filesystem), and mount the ramdisk to the directory "/tmp/ramdisk0". Now you can treat that directory as a pretend partition! Go ahead and use it like any other directory or as any other partition.
If the formatting of the ramdisk faild then you might have no support for ramdisk compiled into the Kernel. The Kernel configuration option for ramdisk is CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .

The default size of the ramdisk is 4Mb=4096 blocks. You saw what ramdisk size you got while you were running mke2fs. mke2fs /dev/ram0 should have produced a message like this:

mke2fs 1.14, 9-Jan-1999 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
Linux ext2 filesystem format
Filesystem label=
1024 inodes, 4096 blocks
204 blocks (4.98%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1024 inodes per group

Running df -k /dev/ram0 tells you how much of that you can really use (The filesystem takes also some space):

>df -k /dev/ram0
Filesystem  1k-blocks  Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/ram0        3963    13      3746   0% /tmp/ramdisk0

What are some catches? Well, when the computer reboots, it gets wiped. Don't put any data there that isn't copied somewhere else. If you make changes to that directory, and you need to keep the changes, figure out some way to back them up.

Changing the size of the ramdisks

To use a ram disk you either need to have ramdisk support compiled into the Kernel or you need to compile it as loadable module. The Kernel configuration option is CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM . Compiling the ramdisk a loadable module has the advantage that you can decide at load time what the size of your ramdisks should be.

Okay, first the hard way. Add this line to your lilo.conf file:
ramdisk_size=10000 (or ramdisk=10000 for old kernels)
and it will make the default ramdisks 10 megs after you type the "lilo" command and reboot the computer. Here is an example of my /etc/lilo.conf file.

boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
prompt
timeout=50
image=/boot/vmlinuz
	label=linux
	root=/dev/hda2
	read-only
	ramdisk_size=10000

Actually, I got a little over 9 megs of usable space as the filesystem takes also a little space.

When you compile ramdisk support as loadable module then you can decide at load time what the size should be. This is done either with an option line in the /etc/conf.modules file:

options rd rd_size=10000

or as a command line parameter to ismod:

insmod rd rd_size=10000

Here is an example which shows how to use the module:

Unmount the ramdisk mounted in the previous chapter, umount /tmp/ramdisk0 .
Unload the module (it was automatically loaded in the previous chapter), rmmod rd
Load the ramdisk module and set the size to 20Mb, insmod rd rd_size=20000
create a file system, mke2fs /dev/ram0
mount the ramdisk, mount /dev/ram0 /tmp/ramdisk0

Example of how to use a RamDisk for a webserver.

Okay, here is an example of how to use 3 ramdisks for a webserver. Let us say you are 99% confident that your default installation of Apache for RedHat 6.0 won't use more than 9 megs for its cgi-scripts, html, and icons. Here is how to install one.
First, issue this command to move the real copy of the document root directory of your webserver to a different place. Also, make the directories to mount the ramdisks .

mv /home/httpd/ /home/httpd_real
mkdir /home/httpd
mkdir /home/httpd/cgi-bin
mkdir /home/httpd/html
mkdir /home/httpd/icons

Then, add these commands to the start procedure in your /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd.init (or where ever the httpd gets started on your system):


	### Make the ramdisk partitions
/sbin/mkfs -t ext2 /dev/ram0
/sbin/mkfs -t ext2 /dev/ram1
/sbin/mkfs -t ext2 /dev/ram2

	### Mount the ramdisks to their appropriate places

mount /dev/ram0 /home/httpd/cgi-bin
mount /dev/ram1 /home/httpd/icons
mount /dev/ram2 /home/httpd/html

	### Copying real directory to ramdisks (the
  ### data on the ramdisks is lost after a reboot)
tar -C /home/httpd_real -c . | tar -C /home/httpd -x
  
  ### After this you can start the web-server.

Comments

Please remember one thing, BACKUP YOUR DATA if you change it and you need it. When the computer reboots, any changes are lost.
A cron job should do it. Have it check every 10 minutes and see if any files have changed and backup any changes. Another thing you could do is make your changes to the real directory, and then copy over the changes to the ramdisks. That is much safer.
A cool use of this would be to have a computer with 1 gig of memory and then use 256 megs for "/tmp". If you have lots of processes that use "/tmp", it should help speed up your system. Also, anything in /tmp would get lost when the computer reboots, which can be a good thing.
Linux uses all the memory that is not in use by programs as a unified disk-cache but my experience is that ramdisks give you despite that still some speed increase.